BY EVA WONG
BOSTON AND LONDON: SHAMBHALA PUBLICATIONS, 1997
X + 268 PAGES
Reviewed by RUSSELL KIRKLAND
Until the 1990s, there were virtually no suitable texts for teaching about Taoism (Daoism). General textbooks—both texts on Chinese civilization and texts on “world religions”—usually contain a mishmash of nonsense and long-obsolete data, and often give the mistaken impression that Taoism, at least after Lao-tzu (Laozi) and Chuang-tzu (Zhuangzi), was nothing more than foolish superstition. Such impressions were generally reinforced by the few general scholarly works on Taoism, such as Holmes Welch’s The Parting of the Way (1957), and Max Kaltenmark’s Lao Tzu and Taoism (1969). Used alongside the anthologies of Wm. T. deBary (Sources of Chinese Tradition, 1960) and Wing-tsit Chan (Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, 1963), such texts perpetuated the anti-Taoist biases of the Confucian intelligentsia. Modern Confucians, wishing to be perceived by Westerners as the noble stewards of a noble civilization, were generally embarrassed by all forms of religion (which is still considered foolishness by the Enlightenment mind). They therefore taught Westerners that Taoism held nothing of value and should be derided to heighten appreciation for the ethical rationalism of Confucianism.
This book is the first comprehensive introduction to Taoism by a modern practitioner of the tradition itself. Wong, raised in Hong Kong, is a practitioner of the little-known Hsien-t’ien (Xiantian) tradition of Taoism, and has authored several books on Taoism for the general public.1 Scholars brought up on the texts mentioned above may be surprised by this book’s contents, for it presents the “superstitious mishmash” of Taoism as a cultural tradition that has a clear and identifiable history that can be understood and appreciated alongside other religions of the world.
Part One lays out the “History of Taoism,” methodically introducing the major phases in the evolution of Taoism that scholars today recognize. Scholars will quibble with her presentation, but it is generally sound. It actually betrays the same weaknesses seen in the works of some of today’s specialists, such as the dubious contention that Taoism arose from early Chinese shamanism. But it also helps counteract scholars’ common overemphasis on Taoism prior to the T’ang (Tang) dynasty. Readers do find here the familiar references to medieval alchemists, but they also find a substantial introduction to the highly important (and still mostly overlooked) Ch’üan-chen (Quanzhen) tradition, in which the spiritual life is understood and practiced in terms quite comparable to its contemporary movements, Neo-Confucianism and Zen.
Part Two seeks to elucidate the variety within Taoism by identifying distinguishable “paths,” here labeled as five distinctive “Systems of Taoism.” Wong’s interpretation here is subject to debate, but it is basically a viable one. The same can be said for Part Three, “Taoist Practices.” These sections introduce the reader to how Taoists actually practiced their religion in imperial China.
In form, this book is an introductory text, complete with all appropriate maps, bibliography, index, and suggestions for further readings. What is regrettable is that Wong has, perhaps at her publisher’s urging, tarnished her text by labeling it “a guide to the spiritual landscape of Taoism” (1). She maintains that “a guide differs from a textbook [for] a true guide has a perspective and does not pretend to be objective” (2). To some extent, this is true. But upon closer inspection, the book seems to hold up reasonably well as an “objective” introduction to Taoism. It does contain occasional factual errors, and some debatable interpretations. But I know of no comparable work today, even by leading specialists, of which the same cannot be said.
Wong’s omissions, and her evasion of certain issues, will be noticeable only to specialists, and they are understandable given the level of the text. She does indeed have her own “perspective,” but it seldom interferes with her presentation of facts. If read as an “insider’s guide” which seeks appreciation for the tradition as much as an understanding of it, the book stands up quite well.
Its main weakness is that the publisher seems to have compelled her to market it as fare for the “spiritual seeker,” rather than as a text for students and their teachers. The title, in particular, is appalling, since the “Guide” was composed by Wong, not by the publishing house, and the book’s bibliographies are crammed with gratuitous references to Shambhala’s related publications, many of which are quite shoddy. Teachers who can guide students past those flaws may find this book a useful addition to courses on Asian religions.
NOTE
1. Of special note is her translation, Seven Taoist Masters: A Folk Novel of China (Shambhala, 1991), and her companion-piece to the present book, an anthology of extracts from Taoist texts, entitled Teachings of the Tao (Shambhala, 1997). A better anthology, however, is Livia Kohn, The Taoist Experience: An Anthology (SUNY, 1993).